を particle : direct object marker
1) In most cases, the particle を follows a noun to indicate that it is the direct object.
肉を食べる。Eat some meat.
宿題をする。 Do your homework
2) More rarely, を is also used with verbs of motion such as 歩く, 走る, 通る, 渡る and 曲がる.
道を歩く。Walking down the street.
道路を走る。 Run on a road.
ここを通る。Go here.
橋を渡る。Cross a bridge.
角を曲がる。 Turn at a corner (on the road).
3) Sometimes を is also used with verbs such as 出でる, 離はなれる to indicate a starting point.
家を 出る。Leave the house.
3) noun + を +する is handled as a verb (を is optional).
料理をする。Cook.
勉強する。Study.
肉を食べる。Eat some meat.
宿題をする。 Do your homework
2) More rarely, を is also used with verbs of motion such as 歩く, 走る, 通る, 渡る and 曲がる.
道を歩く。Walking down the street.
道路を走る。 Run on a road.
ここを通る。Go here.
橋を渡る。Cross a bridge.
角を曲がる。 Turn at a corner (on the road).
3) Sometimes を is also used with verbs such as 出でる, 離はなれる to indicate a starting point.
家を 出る。Leave the house.
3) noun + を +する is handled as a verb (を is optional).
料理をする。Cook.
勉強する。Study.
毎日、本を読む。
I read a book every day.
公園を歩いた。
I walked in a park.
今年、大学を出た。
I finished my studies at the university this year.
毎朝、日本語を勉強する。
Every morning I study Japanese.
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を |
228025148 |
| を | 1683736870 |
| を | 446562438 |
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を |
99998481974910 |
に particle : marker of a target
1) The particle に defines a target for the verb
・ The destination of verbs of motion such as 行く, 来る or 帰る.
沖縄に行く。Go to Okinawa.
・The aim of actions such as 行く, 来る, 帰る is indicated by に.
買い物に来た。Go shopping.
・The target of change.
大人になる。Grow up.
2) に indicates the precise moment of the action
に is required to indicate the date or time of the action.
五時に帰る。Return at 5am.
On the other hand に is in most cases optional with words indicating a time such as 今, 明日, 今週, 来年 .
昨日、ケーキを 食べた。Yesterday I had a cake.
3) に can indicate the place of existence with the verbs ある and いる.
日本にいる。 I am in Japan.
・ The destination of verbs of motion such as 行く, 来る or 帰る.
沖縄に行く。Go to Okinawa.
・The aim of actions such as 行く, 来る, 帰る is indicated by に.
買い物に来た。Go shopping.
・The target of change.
大人になる。Grow up.
2) に indicates the precise moment of the action
に is required to indicate the date or time of the action.
五時に帰る。Return at 5am.
On the other hand に is in most cases optional with words indicating a time such as 今, 明日, 今週, 来年 .
昨日、ケーキを 食べた。Yesterday I had a cake.
3) に can indicate the place of existence with the verbs ある and いる.
日本にいる。 I am in Japan.
昨日映画に行った。
Yesterday I went to the cinema (I went (to see) a film).
毎晩10時に寝る。
Every night I go to bed at 10 o'clock.
公園に子供がいる。
There are children in the park.
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に |
3050330 |
| に | 21946241 |
| に | 99998485631171 |
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に |
1685331397 |
へ particle : marker of direction
It indicates the direction in which one is going. It is only used with verbs of motion such as 行く, 来る, 帰る, 着く and 向かう.
学校へ行く。Go to school.
学校へ行く。Go to school.
明日、友達が家へ来る。
Tomorrow my friend is coming to my house.
で particle : marker of context
1) で indicates the means, such as a transport, a tool, a language, etc.
バスで帰る。Come back (home etc.) by bus.
2) で indicates the place where an action takes place and is used with "non-movement" verbs.
カフェでコーヒーを飲む。Drinking coffee in a café.
3) で indicates the state in which an action is performed.
着物で行く。Go wearing a kimono.
4) で indicates time limit, number of people, quantity, price, etc.
五分で着く。Arrive in 5 minutes.
5) で indicates the cause and can be translated as "because of"
風邪で休む。Being absent because of a cold.
6) で indicates the material of something.
家を木で作った。Have made a wooden house.
バスで帰る。Come back (home etc.) by bus.
2) で indicates the place where an action takes place and is used with "non-movement" verbs.
カフェでコーヒーを飲む。Drinking coffee in a café.
3) で indicates the state in which an action is performed.
着物で行く。Go wearing a kimono.
4) で indicates time limit, number of people, quantity, price, etc.
五分で着く。Arrive in 5 minutes.
5) で indicates the cause and can be translated as "because of"
風邪で休む。Being absent because of a cold.
6) で indicates the material of something.
家を木で作った。Have made a wooden house.
日本人は箸で食べる。
Japanese eat with chopsticks.
スーパーで食べ物を買った。
I bought food at the supermarket.
家族で旅行する。
I travel with my family.
三十分で家へ帰った。
I got home 30 minutes ago.
風邪で学校を休んだ。
I was absent from school because of a cold.
木でテーブルを作った。
I made a wooden table.
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へ |
3118243 |
| で | 99998479205203 |
| で | 519685324 |
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で |
2031018757 |
から and まで particles : origin and destination
から particle indicates the starting point and the origin and is translated as "from" and "to".
大阪から来た。Coming from Osaka.
The particle まで indicates the point of arrival and is translated as "until" or "to".
朝から晩まで働く。Work from morning to night.
大阪から来た。Coming from Osaka.
The particle まで indicates the point of arrival and is translated as "until" or "to".
朝から晩まで働く。Work from morning to night.
駅から家まで歩いた。
I walked from the station to the house.
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から✅ |
99998479632446 |
| から✅ | 99998484798104 |
| まで | 99998477869227 |
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まで |
99998481565546 |
When place is a theme of the sentence
In Japanese, the notion of theme exists. The theme of the sentence is indicated by the particles は or も (も adds the meaning of "also" in the affirmative sentence or "not anymore" in the negative sentence).
If the place is the theme, we add は or も just after the particles に, へ, or で.
A：東京に行った？ Have you been to Tokyo?
B：うん、東京に行った。Yes, I have been there.
A：大阪にも行った？ Did you go to Osaka too?
B：ううん、大阪には行かなかった。No, I didn't go to Osaka.
A：家で勉強する？ Do you study at home?
B：ううん、家では勉強しない。No, I don't study at home.
We cannot use the particle を and the thematic particles は and も at the same time. If we want to thematise the direct object, we must remove the particle を.
(Incorrect) マンガをは読まない。
(Correct) マンガは読まない。As far as manga is concerned, I don't read.
は is placed after the nominal group on which the speaker's attention is to be focused.
If the place is the theme, we add は or も just after the particles に, へ, or で.
A：東京に行った？ Have you been to Tokyo?
B：うん、東京に行った。Yes, I have been there.
A：大阪にも行った？ Did you go to Osaka too?
B：ううん、大阪には行かなかった。No, I didn't go to Osaka.
A：家で勉強する？ Do you study at home?
B：ううん、家では勉強しない。No, I don't study at home.
We cannot use the particle を and the thematic particles は and も at the same time. If we want to thematise the direct object, we must remove the particle を.
(Incorrect) マンガをは読まない。
(Correct) マンガは読まない。As far as manga is concerned, I don't read.
は is placed after the nominal group on which the speaker's attention is to be focused.
会社へは行く。
As far as the office is concerned, I am going there.
今日、買い物には行かない。
As far as the races are concerned, I'm not going today.
図書館では勉強する。
As far as the library is concerned, I study there.
ワインは飲む。
As far as wine is concerned, I drink it.
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へは✅ |
99998477783431 |
| には✅ | 99998485442518 |
| には | 830525395 |
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は |
99998476928150 |
Exercices
Complete with を, に, へ, で, から, or まで in 〇.
毎日パン〇食べる。
Answer →
毎日パンを食たべる
Translation →
I eat bread every day.
学校〇日本語〇勉強する。
Answer →
学校で日本語を勉強する。
Translation →
I study Japanese at school.
家〇帰った。
Answer →
家に帰ったou家へ帰った。
Translation →
I went home.
今、彼女は公園〇いる。
Answer →
今、彼女は公園にいる。
Translation →
Now she is in the park.
レストラン〇パスタ〇食べた。
Answer →
レストランでパスタを食べた。
Translation →
I ate pasta at restaurant.
りえは日本人だ。東京〇来た。
Answer →
りえは日本人だ。東京から来た。
Translation →
Rie is Japanese. She comes from Tokyo.
毎朝、バス〇学校〇行く。
Answer →
毎朝、バスで学校に行く。
Translation →
Every morning I go to school by bus.
毎晩料理〇する。
Answer →
毎晩料理をする。
Translation →
I cook every night.
家からコンビニ〇歩く。
Answer →
家からコンビニまで歩く。
Translation →
I walk from the house to the supermarket.
Reconstitute a sentence with a theme particle も.
図書館で勉強する。
Answer →
図書館でも勉強する。
Translation →
I also study in the library.
沖縄へ行った。
Answer →
沖縄へも行った。
Translation →
I am also going to Okinawa.
Reconstitute a sentence with a theme particle は.
買い物に行く。
Answer →
買い物には行く。
Translation →
As far as shopping is concerned, I go there to do it.
肉を食べない。
Answer →
肉は食べない。
Translation →
As far as meat is concerned, I don't eat it.
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